Abstract

This research aims to discuss the role of phytochemicals as dietary additives in enhancing dairy cow performance, including antioxidative, antimicrobial, reproductive, and fermentation-modifying effects. Based on five research questions, this research explores the molecular mechanisms through which phytochemicals improve the health and productivity of dairy animals. Data for this qualitative research were collected using literature reviews, experimental studies, and molecular docking analyses. Key findings reveal that phytochemicals reduce oxidative stress, improve pathogen resistance, enhance reproductive health, and modify ruminal fermentation to reduce methane emissions. However, variability in outcomes due to genetic and environmental factors highlights the need for optimized concentration guidelines. This research emphasizes the potential of phytochemicals to support sustainable agricultural practices by improving dairy output while addressing challenges in standardization and generalizability. Future studies should involve various conditions and mixed-method approaches to further validate and refine the strategies of phytochemical supplementation.